Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology for Speech and Hearing Sciences

For undergraduate or graduate courses, Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology for Speech and Hearing Sciences, Second Edition provides a thorough yet readable examination of the neuroanatomical underpinnings within communication sciences and disorders. Each chapter begins with clear learning outcomes and a concise overview that sets the context, helping students understand the relevance and importance of the material. Additionally, each chapter ends with a number of clinical cases intended to prime the student’s problem-solving clinical skills in their future profession. The text comes with the Neuroquest study software that includes visual and interactive lessons. Use of quizzes and testing helps the student review the content, solidifying the concepts from the text.

After an introduction to the field and to anatomical concepts, the text takes the student from discussion of neurons and other basic components to examination of basic reflexes and sensorimotor integration. The following chapters focus on the cerebral cortex and its function, particularly as related to neurophysiology of speech and hearing. The next section of the text discusses subcortical structures, the brainstem, cranial nerves, cerebellum, and pathways.  The subsequent chapters include discussion of neural control of speech and swallowing and the anatomy and physiology of hearing. The chapter on prenatal and postnatal development and aging of the brain and hearing mechanism explores the neurophysiological elements that contribute to changes in speech and hearing that are seen throughout the lifetime. The final chapter examines large brain networks and neural plasticity of the systems of speech, language, and hearing.

New to the Second Edition

• New original artwork presented in full-color
• A chapter dedicated to the auditory mechanism and auditory pathways
• A chapter discussing prenatal and postnatal development of the brain and auditory mechanisms, as well as effects of aging on these systems
• A chapter that examines large brain networks and neural plasticity as related to speech, language, and hearing
• New Neuroquest lessons illustrating the concepts of development and aging, auditory physiology, and large brain networks
• New illustrative case studies 

Key Features

• More than 92 tables that provide succinct depth and detail to the content
• 29 neurological fully-annotated case studies with SLP diagnostic information, as well as 6 cases from neurosurgeons that include MRI and/or video
• 59 boxed notes give informative and fascinating support to the content, including focus on neuroscience as it relates to speech-language pathology and audiology
• Coverage of the neurophysiology of swallowing
• Detailed discussion of auditory pathway and signal analysis
• Clearly written with abundant supporting citations
• Key terms are highlighted throughout the text and included in a glossary
• Listing of abbreviations for each chapter 

PluralPlus Online Ancillaries

For instructors: PowerPoint Slides, Image Bank, Neuroquest Software Program
For students: Test Bank, Quizzes, Neuroquest Software Program

Contents

Preface    
Acknowledgments    
Contributors    
Reviewers    
About the Authors    

Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview
Overview of the Nervous System
Divisions of the Nervous System
    Autonomic Nervous System
    Somatic Nervous System
Terminology Related to Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology
    Terms of Movement 
    Terms of Neuropathology in Audiology
    Terms of Neuropathology in Speech-Language Pathology
Chapter Summary
Case Study 1–1
Case Study 1–2
References

Chapter 2. Neurons and Glial Cells
Introduction
Neurons 
    Cellular Components of the Soma
    Gross Structure of the Neuron
        Soma 
        Dendrites 
        Axons
    Neuronal Cell Types
        Classification Based on Number of Dendrites 
        Classification Based on Dendrite Arborization
        Classification Based on Axon Length
        Classification Based on Conduction Velocity
        Classification Based on Functional Connection
Glial Cells
    Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells 
    Radial Glia
    Satellite Cells and Enteric Glial Cells 
    Ependymal Cells 
Action Potential
    The Physical Synapse 
    Stimulation of a Neuron 
    Generating the Action Potential
        Ion Channels and Gradients 
        Resting State
        Stimulation
        Generation of the Action Potential
        Propagation
Communication Across the Synapse
    Excitation and Inhibition
    Summation
    Neurotransmitters
Chapter Summary
Case Study 2–1
References

Chapter 3. Basic Reflex and Sensory Function: How We Know the World
Introduction
The Spinal Reflex Arc
Golgi Tendon Organs 
Other Sensation and Sensors
    Somatosensors
Representation of the Somatic Sensation in the Spinal Cord
Special Senses
    Visual Sensation 
    Olfactory Sensation 
    Gustatory Sensation
    Auditory Sensation    
    Vestibular Sensors    
Chapter Summary 
References

Chapter 4. Cerebral Cortex
Introduction
General Structures and Landmarks of the Cerebral Cortex
    Major Sulci and Fissures     
    Meningeal Linings     
    The Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
        Circulation of CSF 
    Cell Types of the Cerebral Cortex
    Layers of the Cerebral Cortex
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
    Frontal Lobe     
    Parietal Lobe 
    Temporal Lobe
    Occipital Lobe 
    Operculum and Insular Cortex
Medial Surface of the Cerebral Cortex
Inferior Surface of the Cerebral Cortex
    Posterior-Inferior (Ventral) Cerebral Cortex
    Anterior-Inferior Cerebral Cortex 
Myelinated Fibers
    Projection Fibers 
        Corticobulbar and Corticospinal Tracts 
        Corticobulbar Tract 
        Corticospinal Tract 
    Association Fibers
    Commissural Fibers
The Other Half: Hemispheric Specialization 
Chapter Summary
Case Study 4–1
Case Study 4–2
Case Study 4¬–3
Case Study 4¬–4
References

Chapter 5. Anatomy of the Subcortex
Introduction
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Diencephalon
    Thalamus
    Epithalamus
    Subthalamus 
    Hypothalamus
Chapter Summary
Case Study 5–1
Case Study 5–2
Case Study 5–3
References

Chapter 6. Anatomy of the Brainstem
Introduction
Superficial Brainstem Landmarks
    Superficial Medulla Oblongata
    Superficial Pons
    Superficial Midbrain
Deep Structures of the Brainstem
    Deep Structures of the Medulla Oblongata
    Deep Structures of the Pons 
    Deep Structures of the Midbrain
Chapter Summary
Case Study 6–1
References

Chapter 7. The Cranial Nerves
Introduction
Cranial Nerve Classification
    General Somatic Afferent Nerves 
    Special Somatic Afferent Nerves
    General Visceral Afferent Nerves
    Special Visceral Afferent Nerves
    General Visceral Efferent Nerves
    General Somatic Efferent Nerves
Specific Cranial Nerves
    I Olfactory Nerve (SVA)
    II Optic Nerve (SSA)
    Eye Movement: III Oculomotor Nerve (GSE, GVE), IV Trochlear Nerve (GSE), and VI Abducens Nerve (GSE)
    V Trigeminal Nerve (GSA, SVE)
    VII Facial Nerve (SVE, SVA, GVE)
    VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve (SSA) 
        Acoustic Branch 
        Vestibular Branch
        Efferent Component
    IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve (GSA, GVA, SVA, GVE, SVE)
    X Vagus Nerve (GSA, GVA, SVA, GVE, SVE) 
    XI Accessory Nerve (SVE)
    XII Hypoglossal Nerve (GSE)
Chapter Summary
Case Study 7–1
References

Chapter 8. Cerebellar Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction
Structure of the Cerebellum
Cellular Structure of the Cerebellum
Nuclei of the Cerebellum
    Fastigial Nucleus 
    Globose and Emboliform Nuclei
    Dentate Nucleus
Tracts Serving the Cerebellum 
    Input to the Cerebellum
        Vestibulocerebellar Pathways 
        Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract
        Cuneocerebellar Tract
        Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract
        Rostral Spinocerebellar Tract
        Pontocerebellar Tract
        Olivocerebellar Tract
    Cerebellar Peduncles
        Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
        Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
        Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
Cerebellum and Motor Control
Chapter Summary
Case Study 8–1
Case Study 8–2
Case Study 8–3
Case Study 8–4
References

Chapter 9. Spinal Cord and Pathways
Introduction
Vertical Anatomy of the Spinal Cord    
Transverse Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
Pathways of the Spinal Cord
    Ascending Pathways 
        Posterior Funiculus: Fasciculus Gracilis and Fasciculus Cuneatus 
        Anterior Funiculus: Anterior and Lateral Spinothalamic Tracts
        Lateral Funiculus
        Anterior and Posterior Spinocerebellar Tracts
    Descending Pathways
    Pyramidal Pathways
        Corticospinal Tract 
        Corticobulbar Tract
    Other Descending Pathways
        Extrapyramidal System
            Tectospinal Tract
            Rubrospinal Tract
            Vestibulospinal Tract
            Pontine and Medullary Reticulospinal Tracts
        Corticostriate Pathway
        Corticothalamic Fibers
        Corticopontocerebellar Fibers
Chapter Summary
Case Study 9–1
Case Study 9–2
References

Chapter 10. Cerebrovascular Supply
Introduction
Carotid Artery Supply
    External Carotid Artery Supply
    Internal Carotid Artery Supply
        Anterior Cerebral Artery
        Posterior Communicating Artery
        Middle Cerebral Artery
Vertebrobasilar System
    Vertebral and Basilar Arteries
    Posterior Cerebral Artery    
Venous Drainage of the Cerebrovascular Supply 
Chapter Summary
Case Study 10–1
References

Chapter 11. Neural Control of Speech and Swallowing
Introduction
Neural Control of Speech
    Feedback and Correction
Models of Speech Production 
Neural Control of Mastication and Deglutition
    Development of the Swallowing Function
Adult Patterns of Mastication and Deglutition
    Oral Stage
    Pharyngeal Stage
    Relaxation of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter
    Esophageal Stage 
Reflexes and Their Integration Into Central Pattern Generators
    Oral Stage Reflexes
        Orienting, Rooting, and Sucking
        Chewing Reflex    
    Pharyngeal Stage Reflexes    
        Palatal Reflex and Gag Reflex
        Vomiting Reflexes
        Cough Reflex
    Reflexes of Respiration and Apnea
Sensation in Mastication and Deglutition
    Sensation 
    Gustation
    Olfaction
    Tactile, Proprioceptive, and Thermal Sensation
    Complex Motor Responses
Chapter Summary
Case Study 11–1
Case Study 11–2
Case Study 11–3
Case Study 11–4
References

Chapter 12. Hearing and Vestibular Function
Introduction
Outer and Middle Ear
Inner Ear
    Osseous and Membranous Labyrinths of the Cochlea
        Osseous Labyrinth
        Membranous Vestibular Labyrinth
        Membranous Cochlear Labyrinth
            Cochlear Duct (Scala Media)
            Organ of Corti
                Hair Cells
Innervation Pattern of the Organ of Corti
    Efferent Cochlear Innervation
Auditory Mechanism: Electrical Events
    Depolarization of the Hair Cell
    VIII Nerve Potentials
        Resting Potentials
        Evoked Potentials
        VIII Nerve Responses and Poststimulus Time Histograms
Auditory Afferent and Efferent Pathways
    Cochlear Nucleus
    Superior Olivary Complex
    Inferior Colliculus
    Lateral Lemniscus
    Medial Geniculate Body
    Auditory Reception at Cerebral Cortex
        Core
        Belt
        Parabelt
        Highest Level Processing
    Efferent Pathways
    Vestibular Pathway
    Acoustic Reflex
Chapter Summary
Case Study 12–1
References
    
Chapter 13. Brain and Auditory Changes Across the Life Span
Introduction
Genetics
Terminology Related to Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology
Embryonic and Fetal Development
Postnatal Development and Aging of the Brain
    Cortical Growth
        Gray Matter
        Cortical Thickness
        Cerebral Volume
        Total Surface Area
        Volume of Ventricles
        Synaptic Growth and Development
            Number of Synapses
            Changes in Synaptic Density
            The Process of Synaptic Pruning
            Postnatal Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis)
    Subcortical Growth and Development
        Cerebellum Growth and Development
        Brainstem Growth and Postnatal Development
    Myelin Development
        Subcortical Myelin Development
        Cortical Myelin
Aging and the Brain
    Changes in Cortical and White Gray Matter
        Cortical Thickness, Brain Weight, and Neuron Loss
        Cortical Volume
        White Matter and Synapse Changes
    Subcortical Changes
        Brainstem and Cerebellum Changes
        Limbic System Changes
    Cognitive and Functional Decline
Growth, Development, and Aging of the Hearing Mechanism
    Prenatal Development
        Outer and Middle Ear Development
        Development of the Inner Ear
    Postnatal Development of the Peripheral Auditory System
        Outer and Middle Ear
        Postnatal Development of the Inner Ear
        Auditory Acuity Development
    The Aging Auditory Mechanism
        Outer Ear
        Changes in Ossicular Chain, Tympanic Membrane, and Auditory Tube
    Metabolic and Sensorineural Presbycusis: The Inner Ear and Aging
        Presbycusis Involving the Basilar Membrane, Outer Hair Cells, and the Organ of Corti
        Changes to the Stria Vascularis Through Aging
        Age-Related Changes to the VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve and Brainstem Pathways
Chapter Summary
Case Study 13–1
Case Study 13–2
References
    
Chapter 14. Beyond Brodmann: Large Brain Networks
Introduction
Methodologies in Brain Network Research
Definitions
Networks
    Resting State Networks
    Task-Related Networks
Identified Resting State Networks
    Default Mode Network (Medial Frontoparietal Network)
        Default Mode Network Function
        Anatomy
    Salience Network (Midcingulo-Insular Network)
        Salience Network Function    
        Anatomy
    Central Executive Network (Control Network; Lateral Frontoparietal)
        Anatomy
        Central Executive Network Function
Task-Related Networks
    Language Network and Multiple Demand Network
        Anatomy
        Language Network Function
    Auditory Network
        Anatomy
        Auditory Network Function
    Dorsal Attention Network (Frontoparietal Network)    
        Anatomy
        Dorsal Attention Network Function
    Other Task-Related Networks
Pathologies Examined Through Large Brain Networks
Neural Plasticity and Brain Networks
Chapter Summary
Case Study 14–1
Case Study 14–2
Case Study 14–3
Case Study 14–4
References

Appendix: Answers to Study Questions
Glossary
Index

Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology for Speech and Hearing Sciences, Second Edition comes with access to supplementary student and instructor resources on a PluralPlus companion website.

The companion website is located at: https://www.pluralpublishing.com/publication/nnshs2e

STUDENTS:

The student resources include Test Bank, Quizzes, and the Neuroquest Software Program.

To access the student resources, you must register on the companion website and log in using the access code located in the front of your textbook.

INSTRUCTORS:

The instructor resources include PowerPoint Slides, Image Bank, and the Neuroquest Software Program. You will also have access to all of the student resources listed above.

To access the instructor resources, you must contact Plural Publishing, Inc. to be verified as an instructor and receive your access code.

            Email: instructormaterials@pluralpublishing.com

            Tel: 866-758-7251 (toll free) or 858-492-1555

*Note for students: If you have purchased this textbook used or have rented it, your access code will not work if it was already redeemed by the original buyer of the book. Plural Publishing does not offer replacement access codes for used or rented textbooks.